Tipe-tipe Verbs (Kata Kerja)

1.         Continuous Verbs

Continuous Verbs, pada umumnya kata kerja bahasa inggris bertipe jenis ini. Ciri yang menonjol adalah verbs ini merupakan kegiatan secara fisik yang biasa dilakukan orang.

Misalnya: to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.

Contoh:

I eat bread every morning.

I am eating dinner now.

2.         Non Continuous Verbs

Pada Non Continuous Verbs, ciri yang menonjol adalah verbs ini merupakan sesuatu yang tidak bisa orang kerjakan. Kata kerja ini jarang digunakan dalam “continuous” tenses.

Adapun macam-macam dari Non Continuous Verbs adalah sebagai berikut:

Abstract Verbs

to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist, etc.

Possession Verbs

to possess, to own, to belong, etc.

Emotion Verbs

to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind, etc.

Contoh:

He is here, now.   (benar)

He is being here, now.   (salah)

He wants a drink, now.   (benar)

He is wanting a drink, now.   (salah)

3.         Mixed Verbs

Tipe ketiga adalah mixed verbs, sedikit sekali verbs yang masuk dalam tipe ini. Ciri yang khas adalah verbs ini mempunyai dua arti yaitu berlaku seperti “Continuous Verbs”, dan “Non-Continuous Verbs”.

Contoh Mixed Verbs dengan definisinya:

“to appear”

Tony appears confused. (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Meaning: “Tony seems confused.”

My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz club tonight. (Normal Verb)

Meaning: “My favorite singer is giving performance at the jazz club tonight.”

“to hear”

She hears the music. (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Meaning: “She hears the music with her ears.”

She is hearing voices (Normal Verb)

Meaning: “She hears something others cannot hear. She is hearing voices in her mind.”

“to look”

Nancy looks tired. (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Meaning: “She seems tired.”

Farah is looking at the pictures. (Normal Verb)

Meaning: “She is looking with her eyes.”

“to see”

I see her. (Non-Continuous-Verbs)

Meaning: “I see her with my eyes.”

I am seeing the doctor. (Normal Verb)

Meaning: “I am visiting or consulting with a doctor.”

“to think”

He thinks the test is easy. (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Meaning: “He considers the test to be easy.”

She is thinking about the question. (Normal Verb)

Meaning: “She pondering the question, going over it in her mind.”

“to be”

Joe is American. (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Meaning: “Joe is an American citizen.”

Joe is being very American. (Normal Verb)

Meaning: Joe is behaving like a stereotypical American.”

Joe is being very rude. (Normal Verb)

Meaning: “Joe is behaving very rudely. Usually he is not rude.”

Joe is being very formal. (Normal Verb)

Meaning: “Joe is behaving very formally. Usually he is not formal.”

Pengertian dan Contoh Singular and Plural Pada Nouns

Pengertian Singular and Plural 

Jika suatu benda (thing) tersebut berjumlah hanya satu (tunggal), maka benda tersebut adalah singular (tunggal). Dan jika jumlahnya lebih dari satu (banyak), maka benda tersebut adalah plural (jamak).

Dalam belajar Bahasa Inggris tentunya kita sering mendengar atau mendapatkan materisingular and plural. Dalam kasus ini, bentuk singular and plural sering digunakan padanouns (kata benda) untuk menunjukkan apakah kata benda tersebut jumlahnya tunggal atau jamak.

Biasanya pada kata benda (nouns), untuk menandakan atau menunjukkan bahwa kata benda tersebut jamak, kita cukup menambahkan akhiran “–s/-es” diakhir katanya. Tetapi ada beberapa yang tidak menggunakan akhiran “–s/-es”.

Contoh Singular and Plural

CATATAN:

Hanya countable nouns (kata benda yang dapat dihitung) yang dapat diberi akhiran “–s/-es” untuk menandakan bahwa kata benda tersebut jamak (jumlahnya lebih dari satu). Silahkan perhatikan contoh pada tabel di bawah ini.

Countable Nouns (Kata benda yang dapat dihitung) dengan akhiran “-s/-es”
Singular (tunggal)	Plural (jamak)
Potato	Potatoes
Chair	Chairs
Banana	Bananas
Friend	Friends
Box	Boxes
Glass	Glasses
Mango	Mangoes
Song	Songs
Book	Books
Bedroom	bedrooms
Machine	Machines
Etc.	Etc.

CATATAN:

Tidak semua countable nouns (kata benda yang dapat dihitung) selalu dikahiri dengan “–s/-es” untuk merubahnya kedalam bentuk plural (jamak). Silahkan perhatikan tabel di bawah ini untuk mengetahui beberapa kata benda (nouns) yang tidak perlu ditambahkan akhiran “–s/-es” (ada perubahan penulisan pada kata benda-nya) ketika berubah menjadi bentuk jamak (plural).

Countable Nouns (Kata benda yang dapat dihitung) tanpa akhiran “-s/-es”
Singular (tunggal)	Plural (jamak)
Analysis	Analyses
Appendix	Appendices
Bacterium	Bacteria
Child	Children
Crisis	Crises
Criterion	Criteria
Curriculum	Curricula
Datum	Data
Foot	Feet
Goose	Geese
Man	Men
Matrix	Matrices
Mouse	mice
Ox	Oxen
Person	people
Phenomenon	Phnomena
Tooth	Teeth
Woman	Women
Etc.	Etc.

Semua keterangan dan contoh di atas adalah penjelasan umum mengenai Singular and Plural, masih banyak contoh-contoh unik lainnya yang dapat kita temukan di kamus (dictionary).

PENTING:

Penambahan akhiran “-s/-es” tidak berlaku pada uncountable nouns (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung). Dan untuk informasi selengkapnya, kami sarankan silahkan baca juga artikel kami mengenai Contoh Uncountable Nouns.

Untuk menandakan bentuk singular, kita perlu menambakan artikel “-a/ -an” sebelum kata bendanya (nouns). Contohnya:

An apple = 1 apel/ sebuah apel.

(menggunakan “an” karena kata benda “apple” diawali dengan huruf vokal “a”)

A table = 1 meja/ sebuah meja.

(menggunakan “a” karena kata benda “table” diawali dengan huruf konsonan “t”)

CATATAN:

Sedangkan untuk subject:

I, He, She, It = Singular (Tunggal).

You, They, We = Plural (Jamak)

Untuk subject "YOU" bisa tunggal/ jamak (kamu 1 orang/ lebih). Sedangkan subject "THEY"yang memiliki arti mereka, bisa digunakan untuk mewakili benda/ binatang yang berjumlah lebih dari 1 (jamak).

Contoh Kalimat Singular (Tunggal):

He is a student in the Phoenix University.

(Artinya: Dia adalah siswa di Universitas Phoenix)

My class is beautiful.

(Artinya: Kelas saya indah)

Etc.

Contoh Kalimat Plural (Jamak):

The Dean meets her students in front of the office.

(Artinya: Dekan bertemu dengan siswa-siswanya di depan kantor)

My rooms are rented for three months.

(Artinya: Kamar-kamar saya disewakan selama 3 bulan)

Etc.

Prepositions

Prepositions adalah kata depan (preposisi), kali ini kita akan belajar mengenai penggunaan"Because of" dan "Due to" untuk menunjukkan sebab akibat. Silahkan perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.

Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. (Artinya: Karena cuacanya buruk, kita tetap di rumah.)	Because  mengenalkan kita akan klausa keterangan (adverb clause), kata ini diikuti dengan subject dan kata kerja (verb).
Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (Artinya: Dikarenakan cuaca buruk, kita tetap tinggal di rumah.) Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (Artinya: Dikarenakan cuaca buruk, kita tetap tinggal di rumah.)	Because of dan due to adalahprepositions (preposisi), keduanya diikuti dengan object benda.
Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (Artinya: Dikarenakan kenyataannya bahwa cuacanya buruk, kita tetap tinggal di rumah.)	Terkadang, dalam penulisan formal, penggunaan kata due to diikuti dengan noun clause (klausa nomina) dengan menggunakan kata “the fact that”.
We stayed home because of the cold weather. We stayed home due to the cold weather. We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold.	Pada contoh di samping, dapat kita lihat bahwa frase ini juga dapat mengikuti main clause (induk kalimat).

MODAL PERFECT

v MODAL PERFECT

Ø  Unimplemented past ability

To show unimplemented ability in the past

Pattern:

Could + Have + Been/Verb III

      

e.g. I could have gone home on time but the bus was late last night.

Ø  Past possibility

To show possibility in the past

Pattern:

Might + Have + Been/Verb III

      

     

     

e.g.  She was not here yesterday, she might have been sick.

Ø  Past certainty

To show certainty in the past

Pattern:

	Must + Have + Been/Verb III

  

     

e.g. There was so much noise last night; our neighbor must have come             back from their holiday.

Ø  Past advisability

To show advisability in the past

Pattern:

Should + Have + Been/Verb III

      

                       

            e.g.  She did not pass her exams last term, she should have studied hard.

The key notions              

      Modal progressive

§  Present

Pattern:

	Modals + be + Verb- ing

  

e.g. I should be sleeping now.

§  Past

Pattern:

	Modal Perfect + Have + Been Verb - ing

  

e.g. He should have been sleeping at this time yesterday

      Modal preparatory subject

      There can be combined with modals.

      e.g. There must be a rule to prevent the accident in the street.

      Expressions

§  Special occasion

e.g. Everybody was died on the fire but she was able to escape.

§  Preference

e.g. I would rather tell you about the news.

§  Strong advice

e.g. You had better go home now.

§  Strong expectation

e.g. She is to be here, the class will start soon.

§  Typical suggestion

e.g. The play is boring; I may go home as well.

§  Mind cases

e.g. Would you mind if I closed the door? (offering/permission)

      Would you mind closing the door? (request)

§  Dare and Need case

Dare and Ned can used as modals.

e.g. I need to drink some water. (Modal)

      è I need water (Verb)

      I dare not see the body. (Modal)

      è I dare you play this game. (Verb)

MODAL AUXILIARY

Pattern:

Modals + Be Modals + Verb 1

      

e.g.  She may be sick today.

      You may leave this room.

     

Ø  Can

o   Present/future ability

To show present and future ability

e.g. I can do my homework

o   Request

To show request

e.g. Can I borrow your car?

o   Offering

To express an offering

e.g. Can I do something for you?

Ø  Could

o   Past ability

To show ability in the past

e.g. I could play basket ball when I was a child

o   Polite request

To show a polite request.

e.g. Could I borrow your pen, please?

Ø  May

o   Possibility

To show possibility in the present or future.

e.g. He may go to the library now.

o   Polite request

To show a polite request

e.g. May I borrow your pen?

o   Offering

To show offering

e.g. May I help you?

o   Hopes and wishes

To show hopes and wishes about future

e.g. May God be with you. May you rest in peace.

Ø  Might

o   Possibility

To show possibility in the present or future

e.g. He might be at the library now.

o   Polite request

To show a polite request

e.g. Might I borrow your pen?

Ø  Must – Have/Has/Had to

o   Obligation

To show obligation

e.g. You must study hard.

o   Prohibition

To show prohibition

e.g. You must not step on the grass.

o   Certainty

To show certainty

e.g. John is absent, he must be sick today.

Ø  Should/Ought to

o   Advisability

To show advisability

e.g. He should take a rest now.

o   Essence/recommendation

To show essence/recommendation

e.g. It is essential that you should go home early.

Ø  Would

o   Past willingness

      To show past willingness

      e.g. I would come to the party last night.

o   Offering

To show offering

e.g. Would you like some tea?

o   Request

To show a request

e.g. Would you mind closing the door?

Ø  Will/Shall

o   Willingness

To show about willingness in the present or future.

e.g. I’ll call you when I get back.

o   Request

To show a request

e.g. Will you go with me?